A – Antecedent; cue, signal, sign, word, condition that influence the occurrence of behaviour
B – behaviour; any action that can be quantified or qualified
C – consequence or outcome that occurs following the behaviour
Starts with the premise that the majority of behaviour is rational and optimistic
are dogs rational? not always
Classical – learning through association
Operant – learning through consequence
neutral – responses from the environment that neither increase or decrease probability of behaviour being repeated
reinforcers – responses from the environment that increase the probability of a behaviour being repeated, can be positive or negative
punishers – responses from the environment that decrease the probability of a behaviour being repeated, weakens behaviour
Genetics and motivation
learning is more dependent on emotion and motivation that on ability
need to be in the right mood
need to have the ability to learn
reinforcement and punishment must be appropriate in type, intensity and timing (Fuller & Scott)
Positive
consisting in or characterised by the presence rather than the absence of distinguishing features
Negative
consisting in or characterised by the absence rather than the presence of distinguishing features
Reinforcement
a consequence that follows an operant response that increases the likelihood of repose occurring in the future
strengthening behaviour
Punishment
a consequence that follows an operant response that decreases the likelihood of repose occurring in the future
weakening behaviour
R+
something that is added to environment that increases frequency of behaviour (only measurable after the event)
P+
something that is added to environment that decreases frequency of behaviour (only measurable after the event)
R-
something that is removed from environment that increases frequency of behaviour (only measurable after the event)
escape
P-
something that is removed from environment that decreases frequency of behaviour (only measurable after the event)
avoidance
Not all reinforcement is equal
smile
praise
food (value?)
digging
chewing
Not all punishment is equal
Societal punishment
the inflection of some kind of pain or loss upon a person for a misdeed
punished behaviour is generally surprises, not forgotten, and can return when the punisher is no longer present (traffic lights with policeman present)
Not all aversive are equal
Solomon experiment
dogs can develop guilt complex (not the same as feeling guilty)
experimenter
two bowls of food – kibble and meat,
dog given free choice
first group hit on the nose by experimenter when approaching bowl
second group allowed to eat but then hit on the nose by experimenter
experimenter removed
dogs go back into room
group 1 took 30 days to eat the meat
group 2 took 2 days
group 2 had experiences the reinforcement of eating before the punishment
